[TOC]
Main knowledge
同位语从句一般用that连接,也可以有wh-开头的疑问词连接
作用是对前面提到的名词作进一步的解释
和定语从句的区别是同位语中的that一般不可省略,而定语从句中的that只有当在从句中作宾语时才可省略
如何区分两者: 当去掉that,如果从句还是完整的一个句子,那么就是同位语从句,否则就是定语从句
I mean business. 我没开玩笑
cling to … 附着于…,坚持
cling tenaciously to one’s opinion. 固执己见
bread winner 养家糊口的人
a trail of … 一串
convince sb. of sth. 使某人信服某事
The leopard cannot change its spot. 本性难移
complain of sth. / complain to sb. of/about sth. / complain about sth. 抱怨,埋怨
sth. in the possession of sb. 某物为某人所有
sb. in possession of sth. 某人拥有某物
at large 逍遥法外/不受约束的
feel obliged to do sth. 感到不得不做某事
Main knowledge
现在分词形式看做经常发生的情况
定语从句关系代词(物)在介词之后时只能使用which
当现在进行时加上always, contiually等等副词时,可以看做是经常发生的动作,并且说话人语气带有感情色彩
My husband is always working hard. 我的丈夫老是想着工作 (有埋怨的意思)
Jack, my employee, is always working hard. 杰克老是想着工作 (有赞赏的意思)
There is a umbrella with which we arrived here. 我们到这的时候带着一把伞
The tool whit which he is working is called a hand drill. 他干活用的那个工具叫手摇钻
That is the murder about which the police are talking. 警察们正在讨论那场谋杀案
如果介词和关系代词没有连用,关系代词可以用that也可省略
That is the murder (that) the police are talking about. 同上
be equal to sth./doing sth. 比得上/胜任某事
be equal in sth. 在…与某人相等
raise doubts 引起怀疑
raise one’s eye brows (at sth.) 感到惊讶(对某事)
carry a torch for sth./sb. 执着于某个理想/单恋某人
be all over sb. 中意某人
be over sb. 与某人的感情结束了
all at sea 茫然,不知所措
get used to sth./doing sth. 习惯于某事
stand/bear the sight of … 忍受看见…
dread the sight of … 害怕看见…
hate the sight of … 讨厌看见…
keep sight of … 将…保持在视线内
lost sight of … 失去联系,不再看见
one reason or another 各种各样的理由,一个一个的理由
Main knowledge
表示职业/身份: er -> or -> ist
表示男性: er,or waiter
表示女性: ess waitress
表示主动: er,or employer
表示被动: ee employee
date from … 追溯到
sb. happen to do sth. 某人碰巧做某事
sth. happen to sb. 某人遇到某事
a place of … 一个…的地方
turn out to 原来是/证明是/后来成为
be equipped with … 具有/配备有
don’t make a fass 不要大惊小怪的
Main knowledge
结构:
He is twice my age. 他的年龄比我大一倍.
He is half my tall. 他只有我的一半高.
The corperation produced three times as many cars in 2018 as the year before.
这家公司生产在2018年生产了比2017年多三倍的车.
His car is three times bigger than mine. 他的车是我的三倍大.
refer to A as B 将A看做是B
regard A as B 同上
human nature 人之常情
give rise to 导致,造成
in the case of … 在…情况下
A close mouth catched no flies.. 言多必失
sacrifice A to/for B 为B舍弃A
sacrifice A to do B 舍弃A去做B
run a bath 放洗澡水
Main knowledge
完全倒装
表示时间或方位的状语放句首,如now,then,away,down,up,out,in等
My chance of winning went away. 我失去了赢的机会.
倒装:
Away went my chance of winning.
地点副词here,there放在句首 (如果主语为代词,则只能使用正常语序)
The train comes here. 火车来了
倒装:
Here comes the train.
He comes here. 他来这了
倒装(主语为代词,使用正常语序):
Here he comes.
There be句型的倒装
A hotel is/stands nearby.
There is/stands a hotel nearby. 附近有家酒店.
部分倒装
具有否定意义的词(组)放句首,如not only,never,seldom,no sooner,little等
I saw little of her recently. 我最近很少见到她.
倒装:
Little did I see of her recently.
Only + 状语(从句)放句首
You can only solve this problem in this way. 你只能通过这种方式解决这个问题.
倒装:
Only in this way can you solve this problem.
So + 形容词/副词/名词词组放句首
The man was so stupid that he could not solve any problem by himself. 那个男人笨到无法自己解决任何问题
倒装:
So stupid was the man that he could not solve any problem by himself.
If引导的虚拟语气从句中,有had,were,should放在句首
If he were alive today, he would be pleased to see the changes. 如果他今天还活着的话,看到这些改变他会非常高兴的.
倒装:
Were he alive today, he would be pleased to see the changes.
inform sb of sth 通知某人某事
go to extremes to do sth 采取极端的手段做某事
run to an extreme of doing sth 同上
provide sth for sb. 为某人提供某物
provide sb with sth. 提供某人某物
Devil’s luck. 真倒霉
go to press. 付印
laid off: 停工,解雇
be impatient with sb. 对某人不耐烦
be impatient at sth. 对某事不耐烦
Main knowledge
独立主格
独立主格指的是句子中的某一部分拥有自己的逻辑主语和逻辑谓语,通常通过with,of等介词连接
独立主格中的谓语动词有三种形式:
独立主格也可以没有动词,由主语+副词/形容词等组成
A large black car roared down the arcade, with its headlights on and its horn blaring.
一辆亮着前灯,喇叭嘟嘟叫着的黑色大轿车呼啸着停在了拱桥街道旁
its headlight on和its horn blaring为独立主格
on为副词,blaring为动词现在分词
英语中有多种构词方式,常见的有
water: 水 water: 浇水happy 加前缀派生出unhappy,加后缀派生出happinessclassroom moonlight sunflower secondhand常用的表示否定含义的前缀有:
uninportant unbelievabledismiss disappearinactivity inapparentimpossible impoliteirregular irremovableillogical illegal常用的表示其他含义的有:
repeat rediscoverex-wife ex-prime ministerbicycle binocularstricycle tricolorprevious precollegehelp … to … 随意拿取,窃取
scramble for sth. (合法的)争夺某物
well-staffed 人员充足的
under-staffed 人员缺乏的
diamonds cut diamonds 山外有山,人外有人
director teachercollector operatorhappiness illnessaction operationpayment movementhelpful beautifulworthless pricelesschildish selfishactive negativecatlike doglikeprecious deliciousmovable valuablelovely friendlyhandsome awesomerealize memorizefrighten sharpenterrify modifyluckly reallyafterward onwardlikewise clockwisenineteen fifteenthirty fortyfifth ninthlet bygones be bygones 一切都过去了
Great minds think alike 英雄所见略同
chew sth over 深思熟虑
keep sb/sth safe from … 保持…安全而远离…
a shotgun marriage 奉子成婚
a flash marriage 闪婚
3S ladies(single,seventies,stuck) 剩女
eligible bachelor 钻石单身汉
a good catch 合适的人选
have a blind date 相亲
propose to sb 向…求婚
Main knowledge
I prefer winter to summer. 相比夏天,我更喜欢冬天. (to为介词)
I prefer to sleep on the floor. 我喜欢睡在地板上. (to为动词不定式)
I prefer sleeping on the floor to sleeping on the mattress. 我更喜欢睡在地板上,而不是床垫上. (to为介词,prefer和to后面在这种情况下接名词,动名词等)
I prefer to sleep on the floor rather than sleep on the mattress. 翻译同上. (此处to为不定式,rather than为强调,跟随在rather than后的sleep与动词不定式为并列关系)
相比...更加...的句式
I would rather sleep on the floor than sleep on the mattress. 翻译同上.
Main knowledge
形式: the + 形容词/副词比较级 +句子的倒装结构,表示当一方变化,另一方也随之变化
The more you eat, the more you become fat. 你吃的越多,也会越胖
-er and -er 结构: 表示持续不断的变化,越来越…
The boy is becoming more and more intelligent. 这个男孩正变得越来越聪明.
She is becoming calmer and calmer. 她正变得越来越冷静.
sail about … 在…驶来驶去
sail across … 横渡
sail along / down / up 沿…向前/向下/向上驶去
sail from … to … 从…驶往…
sail into … 驶入
sail out of … toward … 离开…驶往…
heavy loss/casualty of life 大批人员伤亡
a crew of … 一组…的人(船)员
the crews of two boats 两艘船上的船员
according to … / even by … 依据…
to sb’s adj. 令某人感到…的是
watertight aggreement 严密的协议
watertight alibi 找不到破绽的不在场证明
the tip of an iceberg 冰山一角
Never say die! 永不言败
Main knowledge
需要使用大写字母的情况:
It's a fine day today. 'How are you?' he greeted to me.Institude of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 电气和电子工程师协会 The Legend of White Snake 新白娘子传奇IndiaThursday 周四 Spring Festival 春节Chinese 中国人Mozart 莫扎特Taobao 淘宝President Bush 布什总统An American author 一位美国作家in Victorian Times 在维多利亚时代I任何时候都要大写下述情况下大小写均可:
South/southnineties/NinetiesAutumn/autumnThe great Prime Ministers/The great prime ministers 历任首相们in a dreadful mess 乱成一团
light up 点亮,露出得意的神色
pounce on sth. 朝…猛抓
be exempt from 被免于…
green hand 新手
be tolerant of/towards … 对…宽容的
money makes the mare go 有钱能使鬼推磨
business is business 公事公办
Main knowledge
wish所带的从句是虚拟语气,用于表达难以实现或与事实相反的事情
结构:
如果表达与现在的事实相反,动词用过去式,be动词用were
如果表达与过去的事实相反,动词用过去完成时或would/could + 现在完成时
如果表达与将来的事实相反,或不可能实现的,用would/could + 动词原型
be动词用was也可以,但是不够正式,而且were使希望更加渺茫
would表示愿望,could表示能够
当主语为第一人称,用could
不能用wish+从句的方式来表达将来的某一事实,如果不是接的从句,则可以表示祝愿
错误写法: I wish [that] you will have a good time in Switzerland. 正确写法: I hope [that] you will have a good time in Switzerland. 希望你在瑞士玩的开心I wish you every possible happiness. 我希望你万事如意
当either…or中的成分均为句子主语时,句中的动词和or后的主语保持一致
Either he or you are to blame. 不是他的错就是你的错
Either you or he is to blame.
have the opportunity of doing sth. 有机会做某事
have the opportunity to do sth. 同上
load…with… 装载…
hardly ever 几乎从未
take the opportunity 抓住机会
have the chance/opportunity of doing sth. 有机会做某事
have the chance/opportunity to do sth. 同上
Main knowledge
英语中许多形容词之后跟动词不定式,可以表达各种含义.
She was impatient to put her new dress on. 她急切的想把新裙子穿上.
常用it作先行主语
It was silly (of us) to believe him. 我们相信了他,真愚蠢 (句中of表示所指的人,在人很明确的情况下可以省略)
两者用法基本相同,但有以下几点细微差别:
be composed of … 由…组成
A compose/constitute B. B由A组成
keep pace with … 与…组成同步
let out a cry/give a cry 大叫一声
be known to sb. 为某人所知
Your neighbour is known to the police, so you had better keep eye on him.
警察对你的邻居很熟悉,你最好当心点
be known to some place. 为某地所知
The family is quite known to the area.
这家人在这一片很有名
此外,be known还可以使用介词for,as搭配,虽然都是用来表示以…出名,但用法不一样
当主语为表示人的名词时,be known as … 表示以某种身份而出名,be known for … 表示以某种技能,作品而出名
Edison was known as a great inventor.
爱迪生以一位伟大的发明家而著称.
Edison was known for his inventive talent.
爱迪生以其发明天赋而闻名.
当主语为表示地点的名词时,be known as … 表示以…的地方而闻名,be known for … 表示以…特产而闻名
The area is known as a green tea producing region.
这个地区以绿茶产地而闻名
The area is known for its green tea.
这个地区因其绿茶闻名.
当主语为事物名词时,be known as … 表示以…形式而闻名,be known for … 则表示以…内容,价值等而文人所知
This book is known as a reference book.
这本书是一本参考书.
This book is known for its practical usage.
这本是是一本实用书.
would rather可以用来表示个人的选择,某人更加愿意…
would rather后面可以跟从句, sb. would rather that …
也可以跟不带to的不定式 sb. would rather do A than do B.
put … out of business 使…失败/垮台
as long ago as … 追溯到,早在
make a name for oneself 使自己成名
be at war with … 与…处于战争状态
There was a time when … 曾经有一段时间…
In times of … 在…时期
in memory of sb. 为了纪念某人
if my memory serves me well 如果我没记错的话
sth. be dedicated to the memory of sb 某物用来纪念某人
Main knowledge
penny表示一便士(一分钱)
pence和pennies都是penny的复数,但是两者有区别
a fifty pence 表示一个五十便士的硬币
fifty pennies 表示五十个一便士的硬币
在advise,demand,order,suggest等等表示建议的动词加从句表示虚拟语气时,虚拟语气结构中的should可以省略
He advised me that I (should) have read that book. 他建议我读这本书.
The man damanded that the owners of shops (should) pay the 'protection money' to him.
这位男子要求店主们支付保护费给他.
The headmaster ordered these students that they be at classroom at this time.(省略了should)
校长指示学生们这个时间应该在教室.
provide a regular supply of … 提供定期的…补给
grease one’s palm 贿赂某人
Main knowledge
had better表示建议,威胁,催促的意味,语义要比should,ought to更为强烈
had better为固定短语,没有动词变形,否定句一般为had better not …, 疑问句也可以在had后加not
Hadn't we better invite him to our party? 我们是否应该邀请他来我们的排队呢?
在宾语后接过去分词,现在分词,形容词,用来进一步说明宾语的状态(也就是宾语补足语)
各自的区别:
1. She kept the boy standing out of the door. 她让那个男孩一直站在外面
2. She kept the dog tied to the tree. 她把狗栓在了树上
3. She kept the door open in order to watch the setting sun. 她把门打开以便看日落
第一句中的宾语是the boy,后接现在分词,因为standing和body是逻辑上的主谓关系,standing这个动作是the boy发出的
第二句中的宾语时the dog,后接过去分词,因为tied和dog不是逻辑上的主谓关系.
第三句中的宾语时the door,后接形容词open,表示状态
bark up the wrong tree. 弄错了对象
tie … to … 将…栓在…
by no means 绝不
be taken into account 被…考虑到
take … into account 考虑到….
It had been estimated that … 据估计
one man’s meat is another man’s poison. 萝卜青菜,各有所爱
in response to … 对…的回答
sth be familiar to sb/sb be familiar with sth 某物/某人对某人/某物熟悉
take great interest in sth 对…非常感兴趣
attach A to B. 将A与B连接
To err is human, to forgive is divine. 人非圣贤孰能无过
lead an adj. life 过着…样的生活
in safe hands 被照顾的很周全
keep one’s word 信守诺言
break one’s word 食言
eat one’s words 收回某人的话
sure enough 显然
in more ways 在多种方面下
Main knowledge
as if和as though 都可以用来表示似乎,就好像…的意思,as if更常用
as if和as though后面的从句中看情况决定用什么时态:
如果是不可能发生的,或当说明在某种情况下做某事时(概率),需用虚拟语气
如果是描述事实,或当通过现在的某种迹象做出推测,发生几率大时,用陈述语气
made a attempt at doing sth 尝试做某事
made a attempt to do sth. 尝试去做某事
强调句的结构:
do sth on end 连续不断地做某事
have no cause to do sth 没有任何理由做某事
play a joke on sb. 开某人的玩笑
cast sb in … 选派某人担任…的角色
much to sb’s sth. 令某人感到…的是
turn one’s stomach 反胃
when it comes to doing sth / n. 当涉及到,谈论到
assosiate A with B 将A与B联系起来
sth appeal to sb. 某事引起某人兴趣
on impulse 处于冲动
take possession of … 占据…
Main knowledge
除了用the most来表示最高级外,还可以用:
否定词 + so/as + 原级 + as
Nothing impressed me so deeply as my first trip to China.
比较级 + than + any other + 名词
He is more brave that any other his fellows.
at the idea of … 一想到…
tastes differ 人各有好
One man’s meat is another man’s poison. 同上
All things fit not all persons. 众口难调
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 情人眼里出西施
Main knowledge
to varying degrees 在不同程度上
Main knowledge
动名词既可以当名词,形容词,还可以当动词; 当动词时可以有自己的宾语,副词等
Fishing is my favorite sport. 当名词
He wants to catch the swimming fish. 当形容词`
I like thinking of my life quietly in the bed. 当动词,并且有自己的宾语,副词
动名词可以和完成时,被动语态连用
I'm sorry for having wasted your time.
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
动名词可以作为状语,表示正在进行的动作,或者表示原因,状态等
Working in the garden, he noticed a huge number of snails clinging to his plants. 动名词表示正在进行时
Considering she is too old, the police let her off. 表示原因
napping on the desk, hw was asked to answer the question by the teacher.
have influence over sb. 对某人有影响
be under the influence of … 受到…的影响
pride oneslef on … 对…感到自豪
take pride in … 以…为豪
in the pride of … 处于全盛时期
in the light of … 依据,按照
in terms of … 在…方面
The only exception to … 唯一的例外是…
fully aware of … 完全意料到
put sth in the same class 将…归为同一类
be free from … 免于…
have every intention of doing sth. 非常想做某事
go to great length to do sth 竭力做某事
bargain with sb for sth. 与某人为某物讨价
Main knowledge
whether和if都可以用来表示是否
但是只有whether可以跟在介词后,不能用If
I'm thinking of whether I should go there.
在动词不定式后,只能用whether,不能用If
I haven't decided whether to go.
stems … from … 起源于….
take heart 鼓起勇气
come into power 掌权
come into being 产生,形成
Misfortunes never come along 祸不单行
be bound up with … 与…联系在一起
Main knowledge
go to heaven
pass away
fell asleep
be no more
breathe one’s last (breath)
sleep the final sleep
go to a better world
go to sleep forever
go west
kick the bucket
stay up 熬夜
none other than … 不是别人,而正是…
be obliged to do sth 被迫做某事
Main knowledge
有一些可以带-ing形式的动词,其间可插入一个名词或代词,这个词有时必须是宾格,有时必须是所有格,有时可以为两者中的任一个;这个名词或代词即是动名词的逻辑主语
I had better not catch you doing that again! 此处动名词逻辑主语you为宾格
Would you mind my/me unlocking this suitcase please? 此处动名词的逻辑主语既可以用宾格,也可以用主格
The customer insisted on the assistant's wearing the dress before he bought. 此处动名词的逻辑主语为所有格the assistant's
I can't imagine John and Frank paying so much for a piano. 动名词的逻辑主语如果有一个以上的名字,一般用宾格形式
Don’t judge a book by its cover. 人不可貌相
The best fish swims near the bottom. 真人不露相
be conscious of … 意识到…
follow the routine 按照惯例
break the routine 打破惯例
draw attention to … 引起对…的注意
Main knowledge
当主语后跟along with/together with/as well as/in addition to等等(相当于插入语,也可以放句尾)引导的词汇,其后的动词形式取决于主语的形式,跟插入语无关
A young woman, together with her two baby daughters, was survived the air crash. 主语为A yound woman,单数形式
Tom, as well as his parents, is having a holiday in France.
come to light 为人所知
under the impression that … 认为…
piece together … 拼凑
Main knowledge
独立主格的特点:
The man lay there, (with) his hands trembling. 现在分词形式的独立主格 (his hands为逻辑主语)
The bottles broken, he swept it up. 过去分词形式
The wether fine, we decided to take a stroll. 形容词形式
on a big scale 大规模地
above all 最重要的是
beyond doubt 无需质疑地
cease to do sth (慢慢地)终止做某事
hand over … 移交
… of sb’s/sth’s own accord 自愿地
bring about … 实施
pour scorn on … 挖苦…
bring … to a conclusion 使…结束
in black and white 白纸黑字
a note of triumph 胜利者的调子
take advantage of … 利用
pour oil on fire 火上浇油
pour oil on troubled waters 平息争端
come into being 出现,产生
shed light on … 使…显现出来
give way to … 取而代之的是…/让位给…
No offence. 不要见怪
Up to you. 随你自己的便
play a hoax/trick on sb 戏弄某人
specialize in … 专门从事
make do with … 凑合着用…
pace of living 生活节奏
go into raptures (over/about) 变得极其喜爱
under the illusion 有…的错觉
be superior to … 优于…
down to a close 临近结束
edge one’s way 侧身缓缓…移动
speak the same language 志同道合
in the event of … 万一
make a claim of … 提出…的要求
Floow suit. 照着做
take sb’s mind off sth. 摆脱某事带来的困扰
in snatches. 断断续续地
lull sb to sleep. 使某人昏昏欲睡
lull sb into doing sth. 哄骗某人做某事
keep sb occupied. 使某人忙碌
more often than not. 经常
be exclusive of … 排除…在外
plead ignorance of … 以不知…为借口
so far as … 到…的程度
as … as anything (else) 不得了/了不得的…
get round to … 抽出时间去做某事
nag sb to do sth. 唠唠叨叨让某人去做某事
Main knowledge
缩略语为省略了单词,复合词,短语等的一些字母或只是使用其首字母的一种简短形式
缩略语的5种基本形式:
由单词的首字母组成,按完整的单词发音
m = metre 米
N = North 北方
由单词的几个字母组成,按完整的单词发音
usu. = usually 通常
Brit. = British. 不列颠
省略了单词的某些字母,按完整的单词发音
asst. = assistant 助手
dept. = department 系
由一词组中的各主要词的首字母组成,分别发出各字母的读音,主重音在最后一个字母
CD = compact disc 光盘
USA = United states of America 美国
VIP = very important person 大人物
由一组词中各主要词的首字母缩合成一个新词(首字母缩拼词),读成一个单词,一般用大写,如果用小写则已经视成了普通名词
TEFL/tefl = teaching English as a foreign language 作为外语的英语教学
BASIC = Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code 初学者通用符号指令码
have the choise of … or … 在…或…之间选择
make one’s contribution to … 做出自己的贡献
several bus loads of food/… 能够装满几辆巴士的食物/…
be inaccessible to … …是难以到达的
by shy of … 对…害怕
come to life 苏醒过来，有了生气
be packed like sardine 挤满了人
The shoe is on the other foot. 今非昔比
possibly
perhaps, maybe
hopefully
probably
presumably
almost
certainly
no doubt, doubtless
difinitely
air one’s view on … 就…发表意见
be attached to … 喜欢,中意
carry on an unrelenting search for … 为寻找…坚持不懈
Take one’s time. 别着急
More hastes, less speed. 欲速则不达
Hastes make waste. 同上
make a resolution to do sth. 下决心去做某事
apply oneself to sth. 全力以赴的专心于某事
years in years out 年复一年
keep … to oneself 将…藏于心底
twist … into … 把…歪曲(扭曲)成…
point the way to … 指出通往…的道路
diagnose sb with … 某人被诊断为…
relieve sb of … 减轻某人的负担(责任)
It’s the first step that costs. 万事开头难
Well begun is half done. 同上
A good beginning is a half the battle. 同上
beat a hasty retreat. 匆忙撤退
come into the possession 拥有
be fond of sth. 喜爱某事
on the spot. 在现场
out of stock. 没有存货
keep a straight face. 一本正经
You reap what you sow. 种瓜得瓜种豆得豆
put on an act. 装模作样
in the interest of … 为了某人的利益
in the belief that … 自以为…,相信
be subject to … 受到…的控制
on one’s behalf 代表某人
projudice A against B. 使A对B抱有偏见
loadg a complaint against … 对…提出控诉
put an end to sth. 了断某事
Take things as they come. 既来之,则安之
bring up to do sth. 生来就要做某事
stood in awe 肃然起敬
wage war on … 与…奋战
have a horror of sth. 害怕某事
Make it snappy. 快点吧!
paly an important part in … 在…扮演着一个重要的角色
make a living 生存下来
In a heat wave 在大热天里
spell disasters for … 为…带来灾难
take turn in doing … 轮流做某事
reproach sb for sth. 未某事责备某人
cut things fine 将时间安排的不留余地
be tempted to sth. 禁不住某事
Never put off till tomorrow. 今日事今日毕
become an authority on … 成为某方面的专家
hold your jaw! 别多嘴!
follow one’s regular parctice. 像往常一样
the first impulse is that … 第一个念头就是…
Now worth a bean. 一文不值
be essential in sth. 在…方面必不可少